Also Known As:
Kuwarawan, Kiwarawa, Kuvarawan, Kibalan, Kiwaraw, Kuvalan, Kavarauan, Kvalan, Shekwan, Cabaran, Kabalan, Kabaran, Kamalan, Kavanan, Kbalan, Sprache von Formosa, 噶瑪蘭語
Dialects & Varieties
- Kareovan
Australia and the Pacific
Wurm, Stephen A. 2007. Australia and the Pacific. In Christopher Moseley, Encyclopedia of the World's Endangered Languages, 1 edn., 424-557. Abingdon: Routledge. ISBN 070071197X
Critically Endangered
80 percent certain, based on the evidence available
?
Native Speakers Worldwide
Speaker Number Trends
Speaker Number Trend 5
A small percentage of the community speaks the language, and speaker numbers are decreasing very rapidly.
5
Transmission
Transmission 5
There are only a few elderly speakers.
5
Speakers
Native or fluent speakers:
No results found.
Second-language speakers and learners
No results found.
Semi-speakers or rememberers
No results found.
Children:
No results found.
Young adults
0
Older adults
No results found.
Elders
No results found.
Ethnic or community population
No results found.
Year information was gathered
No results found.
Comments on speakers
Most have shifted to Chinese
Location and Context
Countries
Taiwan
Location Description
Originally spoken in the northeastern coastal area of Taiwan from north of Toucheng 頭城southwards through Ilan 宜蘭 to Sanhsing 三星 and inland on the Lanyang 蘭陽 River. No speakers left in the original area, only migrant speakers in the village of Hualien 花蓮 in the Nataoran language area, and by a few in the area of the large Atayal language.
Government Support
No results found.
Institutional Support
No results found.
Speakers' Attitude
No results found.
Other Languages Used By The Community
Chinese
Number of Other Language Speakers:
None
Domains of Other Languages:
None
Writing Systems
Standard orthography:
No results found.
Writing system:
No results found.
Other writing systems used:
No results text.
Comments on writing systems:
No literacy in the language
Recent Resources
Informative message
No results found.