Endangered Languages Project

ALSO KNOWN AS		Kumhale, Kumbale, Kumkale, Kumali
CLASSIFICATION		Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan
ORTHOGRAPHY		Devanagari script
CODE AUTHORITY		ISO 639-3
LANGUAGE CODE		kra
VARIANTS & DIALECTS		Arghakhanchi Gorkha Nawalparasi Palpa
DOWNLOAD		As csv
MORE RESOURCES		OLAC search

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Information from: “Ethnologue: Languages of the World, 17th Edition (2013)” . Paul M. Lewis; Gary F. Simons; and Charles D. Fennig · Dallas, Texas: SIL International

Endangered

100 percent certain, based on the evidence available
12,200
Native speakers worldwide
Ethnic population
99,400

DATE OF INFO: 2011 census

DOMAINS OF USE

SPEAKER NUMBER TRENDS

TRANSMISSION

MORE ON VITALITY

"[E]ven the elderly are speaking Nepali half the time with each other. Most children do not speak Kumal at all."

SPEAKER ATTITUDE

increasing positive (not reflecting on their choice of language)

OTHER LANGUAGES USED BY THE COMMUNITY

Nepali

LANGUAGE CONTEXT COMMENTS

The Kumhali is shifting to Nepali.

Scripts (Writing system)

Devanagari script

PLACES: Nepal

LOCATION DESCRIPTION: "Lumbini Zone, Nawalparasi district, south of Darai [dry] language area; Arghakhanchi and Palpa districts; Gandaki Zone, Gorkha and Tanahun districts; Rapti Zone, Dang district."

Threatened

20 percent certain, based on the evidence available
6,533
Native speakers worldwide

PLACES: Nepal

Threatened

20 percent certain, based on the evidence available
6,533
Native speakers worldwide

Severely endangered

60 percent certain, based on the evidence available
unknown
Native speakers worldwide

DOMAINS OF USE
TRANSMISSION
OTHER LANGUAGES USED BY THE COMMUNITY
LANGUAGE CONTEXT COMMENTS: heavily influenced by Nepali. Kumhali is used only at home and with community members who speak and understand the language.

PLACES: Nepal

17th	2013	Ethnologue: Languages of the World, 17th Edition (2013)		Paul M. Lewis; Gary F. Simons; and Charles D. Fennig	Dallas, Texas: SIL International				http://www.ethnologue.com Ethnologue: Languages of the World, 17th Edition (2013)		Lewis, M. Paul, Gary F. Simons, and Charles D. Fennig (eds.), 2013. Ethnologue: Languages of the World, 17th edition. Dallas, Texas: SIL International. Online version: http://www.ethnologue.com.		99,400	12,200	2011 census	10000-99999	all	Nepali	increasing positive (not reflecting on their choice of language)	The Kumhali is shifting to Nepali.	all	Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available)	12	"[E]ven the elderly are speaking Nepali half the time with each other. Most children do not speak Kumal at all."	14	14	Nepal	"Lumbini Zone, Nawalparasi district, south of Darai [dry] language area; Arghakhanchi and Palpa districts; Gandaki Zone, Gorkha and Tanahun districts; Rapti Zone, Dang district."
3rd	2010	Atlas of the World’s Languages in Danger			UNESCO Publishing			Paris	http://www.unesco.org/culture/en/endangeredlanguages/atlas	Christopher Moseley (ed.)	Moseley, Christopher (ed.). 2010. Atlas of the World’s Languages in Danger, 3rd edn. http://www.unesco.org/culture/en/endangeredlanguages/atlas. (03 June, 2011.)	ll_pub		6,533		1000-9999						Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available)					Nepal		27.788,84.548
	2000	Verbal affixation in Kumal	28-35		Linguistic Society of Nepal, Tribhuvan University	Nepalese Linguistics	17		http://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/nepling/pdf/Nep_Ling_17.pdf	Bhim Lal Gautam	Gautam, Bhim Lal. 2000. Verbal affixation in Kumal. Nepalese Linguistics 17. 28-35. Kirtipur/Kathmandu: Linguistic Society of Nepal, Tribhuvan University.			unknown			all	Nepali		heavily influenced by Nepali. Kumhali is used only at home and with community members who speak and understand the language.	all	Severely Endangered (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available)	14		14		Nepal
		World Oral Literature Project							http://www.oralliterature.org		"World Oral Literature Project." Online: http://www.oralliterature.org.			6,533		1000-9999						Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available)

Kumhali

Language metadata

Language information by source

Endangered

100 percent certain, based on the evidence available

12,200

Threatened

20 percent certain, based on the evidence available

6,533

Threatened

20 percent certain, based on the evidence available

6,533

Severely endangered

60 percent certain, based on the evidence available

unknown

Discussion

Kumhali

Language metadata

Language information by source

Endangered

100 percent certain, based on the evidence available

12,200

Threatened

20 percent certain, based on the evidence available

6,533

Threatened

20 percent certain, based on the evidence available

6,533

Severely endangered

60 percent certain, based on the evidence available

unknown

Discussion

Suggest information or improvement

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Sources of information

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