An article outlining the many programs happening to revitalize the Tohono O'odham language, and t
Also Known As:
Pima-Papago, Upper Piman, Papago, Nebome, Nevome, O'othham, Papago-Pima, Tohono O'odham
Dialects & Varieties
- Tohono O’odham (Papago)
- Akimel O’odham (Pima)
Recent Resources
Language Revitalization, Education, and Learning
Language in the Community
Language in Society
This is a traditional dance perfomed by the Tohono O'odham Nation, formerly known as Papago Indians.
Vulnerable
80 percent certain, based on the evidence available
>15,000?
Native Speakers Worldwide
Speaker Number Trends
Speaker Number Trend 1
Most members of the community or ethnic group speak the language. Speaker numbers may be decreasing, but very slowly.
1
Transmission
Transmission 1
Most adults in the community, and some children, are speakers.
1
Bibliography
Bibliography of Vitality:
Victor Golla, Ives Goddard, Lyle Campbell, Marianne Mithun and Mauricio Mixco. 2008. "North America." In Atlas of the World's Languages, edited by Chris Moseley and Ron Asher. 7-41. Routledge.
Bibliography of Locations:
Christopher Rogers, Naomi Palosaari and Lyle Campbell. 2010. "Endangered Languages of the United States." In Atlas of the World’s Languages in Danger of Disappearing, edited by Christopher Moseley. 108-130. UNESCO.
Bibliography of Context:
Victor Golla, Ives Goddard, Lyle Campbell, Marianne Mithun and Mauricio Mixco. 2008. "North America." In Atlas of the World's Languages, edited by Chris Moseley and Ron Asher. 7-41. Routledge.