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Language Information by Source

Source 1
Personal Communication

Bill Palmer. 2014. "Personal Communication."

Vulnerable
100 percent certain, based on the evidence available
About Vitality Level
~3,000
Native Speakers Worldwide
Speaker Number Trends

Speaker Number Trend 1

Most members of the community or ethnic group speak the language. Speaker numbers may be decreasing, but very slowly.

1
Domains of Use

Domain Of Use 2

Used in some non-official domains along with other languages, and remains the primary language used in the home for many community members.

2
Transmission

Transmission -1

All members of the community, including children, speak the language.

-1
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Speakers
Native or fluent speakers:
No results found.
Second-language speakers and learners
No results found.
Semi-speakers or rememberers
No results found.
Children:
No results found.
Young adults
No results found.
Older adults
No results found.
Elders
No results found.
Ethnic or community population
No results found.
Year information was gathered
No results found.
Comments on speakers
The language is used at home, in some traditional ceremonies and in some community contexts. It has been mostly replaced by Tok Pisin in Catholic religious ceremonies, local law courts, and larger community events. Local leaders have stated that it is necessary to use Tok Pisin in these contexts due to the presence of people who have married into the community but have not learned the language. That said, some people who have married into the community have learned the language very well. It is not known what language is preferred during the celebration of the ceremonies of other Christian denominations.

Location and Context
Countries
Papua New Guinea
Location Description

Spoken in the following groups of villages in Bougainville Province: Porpor and Matatsura, located on the coast at the northern extreme of the Hahon area, and Aravia, located inland in mountainous terrain close to the border of the Tinputz-speaking region; Savon, Benmat and Puto, located further south along the west coast of Bougainville; and Doaso (coastal) and Petspets (inland), located further south.

Government Support
No results found.
Institutional Support
No results found.
Speakers' Attitude
No results found.
Other Languages Used By The Community
Tok Pisin
Number of Other Language Speakers:
None
Domains of Other Languages:
Catholic church, law, community events

Writing Systems
Standard orthography:
No results found.
Writing system:
No results found.
Other writing systems used:
No results text.
Comments on writing systems:
No results found.

Recent Resources

Community Members