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Critically Endangered
80 percent certain, based on the evidence available
10
Native Speakers Worldwide
Speaker Number Trends
Speaker Number Trend 5
A small percentage of the community speaks the language, and speaker numbers are decreasing very rapidly.
5
Transmission
Transmission 5
There are only a few elderly speakers.
5
Bibliography
Bibliography of Vitality:
Alexandre François. 2011. "Social Ecology and Language History in the Northern Vanuatu Linkage: A Tale of Divergence and Convergence." In Journal of Historical Linguistics, 1: 175-246.
Bibliography of Locations:
Alexandre François, Michael Franjieh, Sebastien Lacrampe, and Stefan Schnell. 2015. The exceptional linguistic density of Vanuatu. In "The Languages of Vanuatu: Unity and Diversity", ed. by Alexandre François, Sebastien Lacrampe, Michael Franjieh, and Stefan Schnell. Studies in the Languages of Island Melanesia, 5. Canberra: Asia Pacific Linguistics Open Access. Pp. 1–21. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/14819
Bibliography of Context:
Alexandre François. 2011. "Social Ecology and Language History in the Northern Vanuatu Linkage: A Tale of Divergence and Convergence." In Journal of Historical Linguistics, 1: 175-246.