An article outlining the many programs happening to revitalize the Tohono O'odham language, and t
Also Known As:
Pima-Papago, Upper Piman, Papago, Nebome, Nevome, O'othham, Papago-Pima, Tohono O'odham
Dialects & Varieties
- Tohono O’odham (Papago)
- Akimel O’odham (Pima)
North America
Victor Golla, Ives Goddard, Lyle Campbell, Marianne Mithun and Mauricio Mixco. 2008. "North America." In Atlas of the World's Languages, edited by Chris Moseley and Ron Asher. 7-41. Routledge.
Vulnerable
80 percent certain, based on the evidence available
>15,000?
Native Speakers Worldwide
Speaker Number Trends
Speaker Number Trend 1
Most members of the community or ethnic group speak the language. Speaker numbers may be decreasing, but very slowly.
1
Transmission
Transmission 1
Most adults in the community, and some children, are speakers.
1
Speakers
Native or fluent speakers:
No results found.
Second-language speakers and learners
No results found.
Semi-speakers or rememberers
No results found.
Children:
No results found.
Young adults
No results found.
Older adults
No results found.
Elders
No results found.
Ethnic or community population
No results found.
Year information was gathered
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Comments on speakers
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Location and Context
Countries
USA, Arizona; Mexico;
Location Description
Between 14,000 and 15,000 fluent speakers of all ages in Arizona, and many additional speakers in Mexico. Most Akimel O’odham speakers live on the Gila River, Salt River, and Ak Chin Reservations, in the vicinity of Phoenix. Most Tohono O’odham speakers in the United States live on the Papago Reservation in southern Arizona west of Tucson; there are also speakers on the San Xavier and Gila Bend Reservations.
Government Support
No results found.
Institutional Support
No results found.
Speakers' Attitude
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Other Languages Used By The Community
English
Number of Other Language Speakers:
None
Domains of Other Languages:
None
Writing Systems
Standard orthography:
No results found.
Writing system:
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Other writing systems used:
No results text.
Comments on writing systems:
No results found.
Recent Resources
Language Revitalization, Education, and Learning
Language in the Community
Language in Society
This is a traditional dance perfomed by the Tohono O'odham Nation, formerly known as Papago Indians.