Endangered Languages Project

ALSO KNOWN AS		Manchurian Solon, Solon Evenki, 索倫語, 索倫鄂溫克, 輝河方言, 鄂溫克語輝方言
CLASSIFICATION		Tungusic, Northern Tungusic
ORTHOGRAPHY		Mongolian, Roman, IPA
CODE AUTHORITY		LINGUIST List
LANGUAGE CODE		1nr
VARIANTS & DIALECTS		Nonni (Nenjiang) Solon Tsitsikar (Qiqihaer) Solon Hailar Solon
DOWNLOAD		As csv
ADDITIONAL COMMENTS		An aberrant and in some respects archaic branch of Evenki; areally involved in a satellite relationship to Dagur; there is considerable but poorly investigated dialectal variation

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Information from: “Red Book on Endangered Languages: Northeast Asia” . Juha Janhunen; Tapani Salminen (2000)

Threatened

80 percent certain, based on the evidence available
>15,000
Native speakers worldwide
Ethnic population
~20,000
MORE ON SPEAKER NUMBERS
Of all Evenki-related idioms Solon has the largest number of speakers, in any case considerably more than Evenki has.

DATE OF INFO: 1993

SPEAKER NUMBER TRENDS

TRANSMISSION

MORE ON VITALITY

"the situation varies greatly, with some groups in Heilongjiang adopting other languages (Dagur, Chinese); on the Inner Mongolian side the language is generally being retained well, with children also consistently learning it"

OTHER LANGUAGES USED BY THE COMMUNITY

Dagur; Chinese; Mongolian

LANGUAGE CONTEXT COMMENTS

"generally fluent within those communities still retaining the language; unidirectional bilingualism in Dagur is very common, possibly universal"

Scripts (Writing system)

Mongolian, Roman, IPA

More on Orthography

"the function of literary languages is fulfilled by both Chinese and Modern Written Mongolian; attempts have also been made to write Solon in various systems of transcription (Mongolian, Roman, IPA)"

PLACES: central and northwestern Manchuria, China

LOCATION DESCRIPTION: administratively divided between Hulun Buir Aimak, Inner Mongolia (in the Imin basin), and the province of Heilongjiang (in the Nonni basin); officially concentrated in the Ewenke Autonomous Banner of Hulun Buir

Threatened

20 percent certain, based on the evidence available
10,000
Native speakers worldwide

Vulnerable

20 percent certain, based on the evidence available
~15,000
Native speakers worldwide
Ethnic population
261000 (90% * 29,000)
MORE ON SPEAKER NUMBERS
In China, the Ewenki people are composed of three groups: the Solon Ewenki, the Tungus Ewenki, and the Yakut Ewenki though 90% of the Ewenki are the Solon. However, Solon Ewenki (Manchurian Ewenki) is linguistically different from the other two which belong to Siberian Ewenki. But Tungus Ewenki and Yakut Ewenki are regarded as dialects of Solon Ewenki in China.

DATE OF INFO: 1992

OTHER LANGUAGES USED BY THE COMMUNITY
LANGUAGE CONTEXT COMMENTS: All are bilingual.
Scripts (Writing system): no written form
More on Orthography: use written Chinese or Mongolian when needed

PLACES: northern Inner Mongolia, China

LOCATION DESCRIPTION: most of them live in Hulun Buir city, and some in the Nonni basin of Heilongjiang province.

	2000	Red Book on Endangered Languages: Northeast Asia						UNESCO	http://www.helsinki.fi/~tasalmin/nasia_report.html	Juha Janhunen; Tapani Salminen	Juha Janhunen; Tapani Salminen. 2000. "UNESCO RED BOOK ON ENDANGERED LANGUAGES: NORTHEAST ASIA." Online: http://www.helsinki.fi/~tasalmin/nasia_report.html		~20,000	>15,000	1993	10000-99999	Of all Evenki-related idioms Solon has the largest number of speakers, in any case considerably more than Evenki has.	Dagur; Chinese; Mongolian	"generally fluent within those communities still retaining the language; unidirectional bilingualism in Dagur is very common, possibly universal"		Threatened (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available)	11	"the situation varies greatly, with some groups in Heilongjiang adopting other languages (Dagur, Chinese); on the Inner Mongolian side the language is generally being retained well, with children also consistently learning it"	12	central and northwestern Manchuria, China	administratively divided between Hulun Buir Aimak, Inner Mongolia (in the Imin basin), and the province of Heilongjiang (in the Nonni basin); officially concentrated in the Ewenke Autonomous Banner of Hulun Buir
3rd	2010	Atlas of the World’s Languages in Danger		UNESCO Publishing			Paris		http://www.unesco.org/culture/en/endangeredlanguages/atlas	Christopher Moseley (ed.)	Moseley, Christopher (ed.). 2010. Atlas of the World’s Languages in Danger, 3rd edn. http://www.unesco.org/culture/en/endangeredlanguages/atlas. (03 June, 2011.)	ll_pub		10,000		1000-9999					Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available)						48.166,119.4873
	2009	A sketch of Solon grammar	1-21		Journal of the Graduate School of Letters	2			http://hdl.handle.net/2115/38236	Tsumagari, Toshiro	Tsumagari, Toshiro. 2009. A sketch of Solon grammar. Journal of the Graduate School of Letters 2: 1-21. http://hdl.handle.net/2115/38236		261000 (90% * 29,000)	~15,000	1992	10000-99999	In China, the Ewenki people are composed of three groups: the Solon Ewenki, the Tungus Ewenki, and the Yakut Ewenki though 90% of the Ewenki are the Solon. However, Solon Ewenki (Manchurian Ewenki) is linguistically different from the other two which belong to Siberian Ewenki. But Tungus Ewenki and Yakut Ewenki are regarded as dialects of Solon Ewenki in China.	Chinese; Mongolian; Dagur	All are bilingual.	all	Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available)				northern Inner Mongolia, China	most of them live in Hulun Buir city, and some in the Nonni basin of Heilongjiang province.

Solon

Language metadata

Language information by source

Threatened

80 percent certain, based on the evidence available

>15,000

Threatened

20 percent certain, based on the evidence available

10,000

Vulnerable

20 percent certain, based on the evidence available

~15,000

Discussion

Solon

Language metadata

Language information by source

Threatened

80 percent certain, based on the evidence available

>15,000

Threatened

20 percent certain, based on the evidence available

10,000

Vulnerable

20 percent certain, based on the evidence available

~15,000

Discussion

Suggest information or improvement

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Sources of information

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