Information from: “El sumo, lengua oprimida” (53-64) . Norwood, Susan (2014)
Threatened
20 percent certain, based on the evidence available
~10,000
PLACES
Honduras, Nicaragua
ADDITIONAL COMMENTS
Atlantic coast [Costa Caribe]
Information from: “Theoretical and Universal Implications of Certain Verbal Entries in Dictionaries of the Misumalpan Languages” . Ken Hale and Danilo Salamanca (2001) , Frawley, Hill & Munro · University of California Press
Threatened
20 percent certain, based on the evidence available
7,000?
Hale and Salamanca (2001) distinguish varieties of Sumu: northern Mayangna, with the Twahka and Panamahka dialects, and southern Ulwa, finding the two (northern and southern) sufficiently different to be considered distinct languages.
PLACES
Nicaragua, Honduras
Information from: “Ethnologue: Languages of the World, 16th Edition (2009)” . M. Paul Lewis · SIL International
Threatened
20 percent certain, based on the evidence available
7,400
In Honduras: 700 speakers, ethnic population 800-1,000. In Nicaragua: 6,700 speakers.
Ethnologue (2009) had only a single Sumo [Sum] language; Ethnologue (2013) has separated these into two separate languages: Mayangna [yan]: 8,000 in Nicaragua (Adelaar 2007). Population total all countries: 8,700. Ethnic population: 9,760 (2005 census). Ulwa [ulw]: 350 (2009 J. Mejia).
DATE OF INFO
1982
PLACES
Nicaragua, Honduras
LOCATION DESCRIPTION
In Nicragua: Upriver locations from Prinzapolka River in the south into Honduras in the north. Also in Honduras. In Honduras: Banks of the Patuca River, Gracias a Dios and parts of Olancho departments.
ADDITIONAL COMMENTS
Mayangna [yan]: Autonomous Region of the North Atlantic, along the Waspuk River, Bambana, Tungi, and Santo Tomás de Umbra, the upper Wawa. Panamahka dialect: along stretches of the Wanki River; Tuahka dialect: Wasakin area, near Rosita. Ulwa [ulw]: Autonomous Region of the South Atlantic, Karawala village.
Information from: “The World Atlas of Language Structures” . Bernard Comrie and David Gil and Martin Haspelmath and Matthew S. Dryer · Oxford University Press