Endangered Languages Project

ALSO KNOWN AS		//Gana, G//ana, Dxana, G//anakhwe, Gxana, Gxanna, /Khessakoe, //Ganakhwe, Kanakoe
CLASSIFICATION		Khoe, Kalahari
CODE AUTHORITY		ISO 639-3
LANGUAGE CODE		gnk
VARIANTS & DIALECTS		\|Khessákhoe G\|\|anakhwe Domkhoe G\|\|aakhwe
DOWNLOAD		As csv
MORE RESOURCES		OLAC search
ADDITIONAL COMMENTS		\|\|Gana and \|Gui [gwj] form a dialect cluster.

Compare Sources (8)

Information from: “The twelve modern Khoisan languages” . Matthias Brenzinger (2011)

Threatened

20 percent certain, based on the evidence available
1,030
Native speakers worldwide

PLACES: Botswana (Ghanzi area)

ADDITIONAL COMMENTS: "Before 1997, ǀGui and ǁGana used to live in Xade and other settlements inside the Central Kalahari Game Reserve (CKGR). According to [Hiroshi] Nakagawa, ǀGui speakers in the mid-1990s were found scattered to 15 settlements. In April 2000, Akira Takada counted 1002 Gǀui and Gǁana at New Xade (Kxoenssakene)"

Threatened

20 percent certain, based on the evidence available
1,500
Native speakers worldwide
Ethnic population
1500

Threatened

20 percent certain, based on the evidence available
2,000
Native speakers worldwide

Threatened

20 percent certain, based on the evidence available
2,000
Native speakers worldwide
MORE ON SPEAKER NUMBERS
Data on speaker number: (R. Cook 2004)

DATE OF INFO: 2004

PLACES: Botswana;

Endangered

20 percent certain, based on the evidence available
Ethnic population
1,900-2,500

DATE OF INFO: 1995-1999

DOMAINS OF USE

MORE ON VITALITY

"The ||Gana language appeared to have greater vitality in Ghanzi District than in Boteti."

PLACES: Botswana

LOCATION DESCRIPTION: Boteti, Ghanzi

ADDITIONAL COMMENTS: Villages, settlements, and towns: "Kgoesakaene, Kalahari Game Reserve, Kedia, Rakops, Ghanzi, Kuke, Khwee"

Threatened

20 percent certain, based on the evidence available
3,000
Native speakers worldwide

PLACES: Botswana

LOCATION DESCRIPTION: Boteti, Ghanzi, Central, Botswana

ADDITIONAL COMMENTS

"In the Boteti region, the //Gana speaking area is the grassy veld south of Makalamabedi west of Xhumga and to the west, south and southeast of Rakops. //Gana is also spoken in Ghanzi District, especially in Kgoesakaene and the Central Kalahari Game Reserve."

"[//Gana and /Gwi] are spoken primarily in the Central Kalahari Game Reserve and in areas just to the south, west and northeast of the reserve."

Endangered

20 percent certain, based on the evidence available
800
Native speakers worldwide

OTHER LANGUAGES USED BY THE COMMUNITY
LANGUAGE CONTEXT COMMENTS: The //Gana are said to be bilingual, speaking both //Gana and Sekgalagadi.

LOCATION DESCRIPTION: The traditional area of the /Gwi and the //Gana is the Central Kalahari Game Reserve... Today we know that quite a few members of these groups live on or close to the Ghanzi farms.

Threatened

20 percent certain, based on the evidence available
1,550
Native speakers worldwide

	Duisburger Arbeiten zur Sprach- und Kulturwissenschaft		2000	Where are the Khoesan of Botswana?	Botswana: the Future of the Minority Languages	13-31		Herman M. Batibo and Birgit Smieja	Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang	40				Sue Hasselbring	Sue Hasselbring. 2000. "Where Are the Khoesan of Botswana?" In Botswana: the Future of the Minority Languages, edited by Herman M. Batibo and Birgit Smieja. 40: 13-31. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang.	HHOLD	1,900-2,500		1995-1999			To the chief, clinic workers				Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available)		"The \|\|Gana language appeared to have greater vitality in Ghanzi District than in Boteti."	13		Villages, settlements, and towns: "Kgoesakaene, Kalahari Game Reserve, Kedia, Rakops, Ghanzi, Kuke, Khwee"	Botswana	Boteti, Ghanzi	-21.42239,23.899899
		16	2009	Ethnologue: Languages of the World, 16th Edition (2009)				M. Paul Lewis	SIL International		Dallas, TX		http://www.ethnologue.com/		Lewis, M. Paul (ed.). 2009. Ethnologue: Languages of the World, 16 edn. http://www.ethnologue.com/home.asp. (15 February, 2011.)	ll_pub		2,000	2004	1000-9999	Data on speaker number: (R. Cook 2004)					Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available)						Botswana;
	Sociolinguistic studies of Botswana language series		2000	A sociolinguistic survey of the languages of Botswana		1-142			Basarwa Languages Project, Collaborative Basarwa Research Programme of the Univ. of Botswana & Univ. of Tromsø	v. 1	Gaborone			Hasselbring, Sue	Sue Hasselbring. 2000. "A Sociolinguistic Survey of the Languages of Botswana." v. 1: 1-142. Basarwa Languages Project, Collaborative Basarwa Research Programme of the Univ. of Botswana & Univ. of Tromsø.	EBALL		3,000		1000-9999						Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available)
																			1995-1998		~3,000 speakers in Botswana only, including /Gwi.	by the chief, kgotla, at the clinic, children, reading/writing	Tswana, !Goro, English, Kalanga, Kgalagari, Naro, Kuhane, Deti, Yeyi, /Gwi, Afrikaans	Positive	"Most of the people in the Ghanzi District speak two or more languages. More people said that they speak Tswana as a second language than any other language. " "Over four fifths of //Gana… respondents said they speak their own languages best." "!Goro, //Gana, Kalanga, Kua, and Nambya are being used by all ages of speakers, although none have institutional support."	Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available)	12	"Among the youth and children however, //Gana, Kalanga and especially Nambya… are showing some signs of losing vitality."	12	13	"In the Boteti region, the //Gana speaking area is the grassy veld south of Makalamabedi west of Xhumga and to the west, south and southeast of Rakops. //Gana is also spoken in Ghanzi District, especially in Kgoesakaene and the Central Kalahari Game Reserve." "[//Gana and /Gwi] are spoken primarily in the Central Kalahari Game Reserve and in areas just to the south, west and northeast of the reserve."	Botswana	Boteti, Ghanzi, Central, Botswana
			2011	The twelve modern Khoisan languages	Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium on Khoisan Languages and Linguistics									Matthias Brenzinger	Matthias Brenzinger. 2011. "The Twelve Modern Khoisan Languages." In Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium on Khoisan Languages and Linguistics,			1,030		1000-9999						Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available)					"Before 1997, ǀGui and ǁGana used to live in Xade and other settlements inside the Central Kalahari Game Reserve (CKGR). According to [Hiroshi] Nakagawa, ǀGui speakers in the mid-1990s were found scattered to 15 settlements. In April 2000, Akira Takada counted 1002 Gǀui and Gǁana at New Xade (Kxoenssakene)"	Botswana (Ghanzi area)		-22.121346, 22.416744
			1997	Khoisan groups and languages	Languages in Botswana: language ecology in southern Africa	123-142	Deals with Ju/’hoan, €Kx’au//’ein, Nama/Damara, Naro, /Gwi, //Gana, Kxoe, Shua, Tshwa, and !Xóõ.		Longman Botswana		Gaborone			Lars-Gunnar Andersson and Tore Janson	Lars-Gunnar Andersson and Tore Janson. 1997. "Khoisan Groups and Languages." In Languages in Botswana: language ecology in southern Africa, 123-142. Longman Botswana.	EBALL		800		100-999			Sekgalagadi		The //Gana are said to be bilingual, speaking both //Gana and Sekgalagadi.	Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available)							The traditional area of the /Gwi and the //Gana is the Central Kalahari Game Reserve... Today we know that quite a few members of these groups live on or close to the Ghanzi farms.
		3rd	2010	Atlas of the World’s Languages in Danger					UNESCO Publishing		Paris		http://www.unesco.org/culture/en/endangeredlanguages/atlas	Christopher Moseley (ed.)	Moseley, Christopher (ed.). 2010. Atlas of the World’s Languages in Danger, 3rd edn. http://www.unesco.org/culture/en/endangeredlanguages/atlas. (03 June, 2011.)	ll_pub		1,550		1000-9999						Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available)								-21.7824,21.8971
				World Oral Literature Project									http://www.oralliterature.org		"World Oral Literature Project." Online: http://www.oralliterature.org.			2,000		1000-9999						Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available)
9783110170498	Trends in Linguistics: Studies and Monographs		2007	Language Endangerment in Southern and Eastern Africa	Language Diversity Endangered	179-204		Matthias Brenzinger	Mouton de Gruyter		Berlin	9		Matthias Brenzinger	Brenzinger, Matthias. 2007. "Language Endangerment in Southern and Eastern Africa." In Language Diversity Endangered, edited by Matthias Brenzinger. 179-204. Mouton de Gruyter.		1500	1,500		1000-9999						Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available)

||Gana

Language metadata

Language information by source

Threatened

20 percent certain, based on the evidence available

1,030

Threatened

20 percent certain, based on the evidence available

1,500

Threatened

20 percent certain, based on the evidence available

2,000

Threatened

20 percent certain, based on the evidence available

2,000

Endangered

20 percent certain, based on the evidence available

Threatened

20 percent certain, based on the evidence available

3,000

Endangered

20 percent certain, based on the evidence available

800

Threatened

20 percent certain, based on the evidence available

1,550

Discussion

||Gana

Language metadata

Language information by source

Threatened

20 percent certain, based on the evidence available

1,030

Threatened

20 percent certain, based on the evidence available

1,500

Threatened

20 percent certain, based on the evidence available

2,000

Threatened

20 percent certain, based on the evidence available

2,000

Endangered

20 percent certain, based on the evidence available

Threatened

20 percent certain, based on the evidence available

3,000

Endangered

20 percent certain, based on the evidence available

800

Threatened

20 percent certain, based on the evidence available

1,550

Discussion

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