Ormuri
[aka Ormari, Warmaro, Oormuri]Classification: Indo-European
·endangered
Classification: Indo-European
·endangered
Ormari, Warmaro, Oormuri, Urmuri, Ormur, Ormui, Bargista, Baraks, Baraki, Burki |
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Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Eastern Iranian |
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ISO 639-3 |
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oru |
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As csv |
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Information from: “Conflict, Displacement, and the Implications for Warmaro/Ormari Language” (140-161) . Khan Zeb and Abdullah Wazir (2020) , Muhammad Makki and Aizah Azam and Syed Ali Akash and Faryal Khan · NUST Press
"The rehabilitation, rebuilding of the infrastructure and the provision of economic and social opportunities at Kaniguram can facilitate the preservation of the Ormari language. The delay in the rehabilitation process is expected to speed up the rate of decline – ultimately converting this endangered language into an
extinct one."
"The research reveals that before the displacement, more than 74 percent of the survey respondents spoke Ormari in their home while the remaining spoke Pashto. However, the percentage of the Ormari speaking families has declined to 70.5 at the time the data was gathered. The language loss is increased by almost 3.5 percent, showing an alarming threat to Ormari language... Since the tribes surrounding the Burki are Pashto speakers, the
inter-tribal marriages have posed challenges to the survival and purity of Ormari language. The children in these cases prefer to communicate in Pashto... The participants believe that displacement has affected their language and thus, a sharp decline can be observed in Warmaro speaking families. Figure 9.2 shows the ratio of Ormari speakers as 70.5 percent and non-Ormari speakers as 29.5 percent. As the study did not investigate which language replaced Ormari, further research is needed to uncover this aspect."
Pashto
Farsi
Punjabi
Urdu
"The Burkis/Ormars of Lahore and Jalander speak Punjabi and/or Urdu whereas those living in Peshawar (Ormar Bala, Ormar Miana and Ormar Payan) speak Pashto. Similarly, Ormari in Logar, Afghanistan, could not sustain its existence against the dominant local languages, i.e. Pashto and Persian (Baraki, 1999)... The Burki are multilingual adopting the surrounding language(s) as the second language."
"The Burki tribe inhabits a densely populated city in the heart of South Waziristan — Kaniguram, which is 7000 feet above the sea level (Ahmed, 2010). A small percentage of non-Burkis (mostly Mehsud) also live in the upper
part of the city (upper Kaniguram)... The town [of Kaniguram], being the only place where the Ormari/Warmaro language is spoken, has preserved it against the dominant Pashto language of the region for centuries. But the displacement following the conflict dispersed the Kaniguram’s population to the settled districts of Pakistan, such as Tank, Dera Ismail Khan, Peshawar, and Karachi (Oborne, 2014), where Pashto or Urdu serves as the dominant language in use."
Information from: “Ethnologue: Languages of the World, 16th Edition (2009)” . M. Paul Lewis · SIL International
1,000 in Pakistan (2000 J. Owens). Population total all countries: 1,050.
Information from: “Language policy, multilingualism and language vitality in Pakistan” (73-106) . Tariq Rahman (2006) , Anju Saxena and Lars Borin · Mouton de Gruyter
"Kaniguram (south Waziristan) some in Afghanistan"
Information from: “Parachi and Ormuri” . Georg Morgenstierne (1973) Oslo: Universitetsforlaget
"Din Muhammad said that he was one of the few persons in Barak-i Barak still speaking pure Ormuri, and this statement agreed fairly well with what had been told me by my first informant."
Kaniguram is spoken by a comparatively strong community in an isolated part of the rugged Waziristan hills, surrounded only by culturally and socially unimportant Pashto dialects. Logar, on the other hand, is a dialect that is rapidly dying out.
Persian; Pashto
Barak/Logar and Waziristan
Information from: “The World Atlas of Language Structures” . Bernard Comrie and David Gil and Martin Haspelmath and Matthew S. Dryer · Oxford University Press
Information from: “Glottolog” .
Information from: “AFGHANISTAN v. Languages” . Kieffer, Charles M. (1982)
Ōrmuṛī, Moḡolī, and Uiḡur are rapidly becoming extinct.
Pashto; Persian
Changes in the economic and socio-cultural situation have already upset their status to the point where their very existence is questionable. The Ōrmuṛ have forgotten their geographic origin and abandoned the religious traditions of the Rōšanīya of Bāyazīd Anṣārī (see EI2 I, pp. 1121-24), which distinguished them from neighboring ethnic groups and gave their clan language the prerogatives of a secret language. Beaten back by the imperatives of economic and technical development, they will soon have no choice but to join the ranks of the Paṧtūn or the Tajiks who own the land, control the bazaars, and hold the key administrative positions.
South of the Hindu Kush watershed