Endangered Languages Project

ALSO KNOWN AS		Clallam, S'klallam, Na'klallam, Nəxʷsƛ'áy'əmucən, Klellam, nəxʷsƛʼáyʼəmʼucən
CLASSIFICATION		Salishan, Central Salish
CODE AUTHORITY		ISO 639-3
LANGUAGE CODE		clm
VARIANTS & DIALECTS		Becher Bay Western Eastern
DOWNLOAD		As csv
MORE RESOURCES		OLAC search

Compare Sources (9)

Information from: “Last native speaker of Klallam language dies in Washington state” . Kaminsky, Jonathan (2014) Reuters

Awakening
MORE ON SPEAKER NUMBERS
"There are currently some 3,000 Klallam members in the United States, split into three western-Washington tribes. The vast majority do not speak the Klallam language, although it is being taught as a second language at a handful of schools on the Olympic Peninsula of Washington state, including at Port Angeles High School, [chairman of the Jamestown S'Klallam Tribe, Ron] Allen said."

OTHER LANGUAGES USED BY THE COMMUNITY

Awakening
Ethnic population
3,000
MORE ON SPEAKER NUMBERS
"Last speaker died in 2014. Ethnic population: 3,000 (2014 R. Allen). L2 users: 6. L2 speakers have varying fluency, number is growing."

DATE OF INFO: 2014

MORE ON VITALITY

"Taught as a heritage language K-12 at a handful of schools on the Olympic Peninsula of Washington state, including at Port Angeles High School."

PLACES: USA

LOCATION DESCRIPTION: "Washington, northeast Olympic Peninsula, Port Angeles."

Critically endangered

20 percent certain, based on the evidence available
2
Native speakers worldwide

PLACES: USA

LOCATION DESCRIPTION: Washington

Severely endangered

20 percent certain, based on the evidence available
10
Native speakers worldwide

Critically endangered

40 percent certain, based on the evidence available
1-9
Native speakers worldwide

DOMAINS OF USE

PLACES: USA

LOCATION DESCRIPTION: Washington

Dormant
0
Native speakers worldwide
SEMI SPEAKERS
a few, 2 at Becher Bay
MORE ON SPEAKER NUMBERS
No fully fluent speakers remaining. There are very few first-language speakers remaining (two of them at Becher Bay), none fully fluent. The language is used in ceremonies and for tribal identity and there is considerable interest in revival.

PLACES: USA

LOCATION DESCRIPTION: Washington

PLACES: USA

LOCATION DESCRIPTION: Washington

PLACES: USA

LOCATION DESCRIPTION: Washington

Critically endangered

100 percent certain, based on the evidence available
2
Native speakers worldwide
MORE ON SPEAKER NUMBERS
In 2012 there were only two elders - aged 93 and 101 - who grew up speaking Klallam. Thanks to the efforts of the Klallam Language Program (KLP) there are a growing number of younger people leaning Klallam as their second language; some of them have achieved a high level of fluency.

DOMAINS OF USE

SPEAKER NUMBER TRENDS

TRANSMISSION

MORE ON VITALITY

Though the situation is dire, the Klallam language Program has begun the process of revitalizing the Klallam language.

SPEAKER ATTITUDE

Positive

OTHER LANGUAGES USED BY THE COMMUNITY

English

PLACES: USA

LOCATION DESCRIPTION: Washington

			2012	Klallam Dictionary						Seatle: University of Washington Press			Timothy Montler	Timothy Montler. 2012. "Klallam Dictionary." Seatle: University of Washington Press.			2		1-9	In 2012 there were only two elders - aged 93 and 101 - who grew up speaking Klallam. Thanks to the efforts of the Klallam Language Program (KLP) there are a growing number of younger people leaning Klallam as their second language; some of them have achieved a high level of fluency.		Hundreds	English	Positive	Nearly the entire community is fluent in English	Critically Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available)	15	Though the situation is dire, the Klallam language Program has begun the process of revitalizing the Klallam language.	15	15	USA	Washington
			2007	North America	Encyclopedia of the World's Endangered Languages	1-96		C. Moseley		London & New York: Routledge			Victor Golla	Golla, Victor. 2007. "North America." In Encyclopedia of the World's Endangered Languages, edited by C. Moseley. 1-96. London & New York: Routledge.	HHOLD				1-9			6				Critically Endangered (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available)			15		USA	Washington
0199255911			2005	The World Atlas of Language Structures				Bernard Comrie and David Gil and Martin Haspelmath and Matthew S. Dryer		Oxford University Press	New York			2005. "The World Atlas of Language Structures." edited by Bernard Comrie et al. Oxford University Press.																	USA	Washington	48.0833333333,-123.75
		3rd	2010	Atlas of the World’s Languages in Danger						UNESCO Publishing	Paris	http://www.unesco.org/culture/en/endangeredlanguages/atlas	Christopher Moseley (ed.)	Moseley, Christopher (ed.). 2010. Atlas of the World’s Languages in Danger, 3rd edn. http://www.unesco.org/culture/en/endangeredlanguages/atlas. (03 June, 2011.)	ll_pub		2		1-9							Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available)					USA	Washington	47.8475,-122.585
			2008	North America	Atlas of the World's Languages	7-41		Chris Moseley and Ron Asher		Routledge	London		Victor Golla and Ives Goddard and Lyle Campbell and Marianne Mithun and Mauricio Mixco	Victor Golla, Ives Goddard, Lyle Campbell, Marianne Mithun and Mauricio Mixco. 2008. "North America." In Atlas of the World's Languages, edited by Chris Moseley and Ron Asher. 7-41. Routledge.			0			No fully fluent speakers remaining. There are very few first-language speakers remaining (two of them at Becher Bay), none fully fluent. The language is used in ceremonies and for tribal identity and there is considerable interest in revival.	a few, 2 at Becher Bay					Dormant ()					USA	Washington
		2nd edition	2010	Endangered Languages of the United States	Atlas of the World’s Languages in Danger of Disappearing	108-130		Christopher Moseley		UNESCO	Paris		Christopher Rogers, Naomi Palosaari and Lyle Campbell	Christopher Rogers, Naomi Palosaari and Lyle Campbell. 2010. "Endangered Languages of the United States." In Atlas of the World’s Languages in Danger of Disappearing, edited by Christopher Moseley. 108-130. UNESCO.																	USA	Washington	47.8475,-122.585
				World Oral Literature Project								http://www.oralliterature.org		"World Oral Literature Project." Online: http://www.oralliterature.org.			10		10-99							Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available)
		18th	2015	Ethnologue: Languages of the World, 18th Edition				Lewis, M. Paul, Gary F. Simons, and Charles D. Fennig		SIL International	Dallas, Texas	http://www.ethnologue.com		Lewis, M. Paul, Gary F. Simons, and Charles D. Fennig (eds.). 2015. Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Eighteenth edition. Dallas, Texas: SIL International. Online version: http://www.ethnologue.com.		3,000		2014	Awakening	"Last speaker died in 2014. Ethnic population: 3,000 (2014 R. Allen). L2 users: 6. L2 speakers have varying fluency, number is growing."		6				Awakening ()		"Taught as a heritage language K-12 at a handful of schools on the Olympic Peninsula of Washington state, including at Port Angeles High School."			USA	"Washington, northeast Olympic Peninsula, Port Angeles."
	Februrary		2014	Last native speaker of Klallam language dies in Washington state			Feb. 6, 2014		REuters news service	Reuters		http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/02/07/us-usa-klallam-death-idUSBREA1605W20140207	Kaminsky, Jonathan	Kaminsky, Jonathan. 2014. Last native speaker of Klallam language dies in Washington state. Reuters, Feb 6, 2014.					Awakening	"There are currently some 3,000 Klallam members in the United States, split into three western-Washington tribes. The vast majority do not speak the Klallam language, although it is being taught as a second language at a handful of schools on the Olympic Peninsula of Washington state, including at Port Angeles High School, [chairman of the Jamestown S'Klallam Tribe, Ron] Allen said."			English			Awakening ()

Klallam

Language metadata

Language information by source

Awakening

Awakening

Critically endangered

20 percent certain, based on the evidence available

2

Severely endangered

20 percent certain, based on the evidence available

10

Critically endangered

40 percent certain, based on the evidence available

1-9

Dormant

0

Critically endangered

100 percent certain, based on the evidence available

2

Discussion

Klallam

Language metadata

Language information by source

Awakening

Awakening

Critically endangered

20 percent certain, based on the evidence available

2

Severely endangered

20 percent certain, based on the evidence available

10

Critically endangered

40 percent certain, based on the evidence available

1-9

Dormant

0

Critically endangered

100 percent certain, based on the evidence available

2

Discussion

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