Endangered Languages Project

ALSO KNOWN AS		Apsaalooke, Apsaroka, Apsaloka, Upsaroka, Absaruqe
CLASSIFICATION		Siouan, Missouri River Siouan
CODE AUTHORITY		ISO 639-3
LANGUAGE CODE		cro
DOWNLOAD		As csv
MORE RESOURCES		OLAC search

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Information from: “North America” (7-41) . Victor Golla and Ives Goddard and Lyle Campbell and Marianne Mithun and Mauricio Mixco (2008) , Chris Moseley and Ron Asher · Routledge

Threatened

20 percent certain, based on the evidence available
3000-4000
Native speakers worldwide
SEMI SPEAKERS
a larger number who are semi-speakers and/or understand the language
CHILDREN
a few children, teenagers and young adults
OLDER ADULTS
mostly over the age of 30
MORE ON SPEAKER NUMBERS
3,000-4,000 first language speakers, mostly over the age of thirty. There are a few children, teenagers and young adults who are Crow speakers, and a larger number who are semi-speakers and/or understand the language.

DATE OF INFO: 2008?

PLACES: USA; Montana

LOCATION DESCRIPTION: Spoken on the Crow Reservation in southeastern Montana and in adjacent off-reservation communities. Principal towns on the reservation are Crow Agency, Lodge Grass, Pryor, Wyola and St. Xavier.

Endangered

100 percent certain, based on the evidence available
3,000-4,000
Native speakers worldwide
Ethnic population
8,500
SEMI SPEAKERS
a "large number" of semi-speakers

DOMAINS OF USE

SPEAKER NUMBER TRENDS

TRANSMISSION

MORE ON VITALITY

Most speakers are over 30, but there are a few children, teenagers and young adults who are also fluent speakers.

OTHER LANGUAGES USED BY THE COMMUNITY

English

LANGUAGE CONTEXT COMMENTS

There have been bilingual programs in the reservation schools since the 1960s, and these programs have produced a number of language booklets and a small dictionary. The
New Testament in Crow is in the final stages of translation. In recent years increasing efforts have been directed toward language preservation through summer immersion programs and early
childhood programs.

PLACES: USA; Montana

LOCATION DESCRIPTION: Spoken on the Crow Reservation in southeastern Montana and in adjacent Off-reservation communities.

Threatened

20 percent certain, based on the evidence available
4,280
Native speakers worldwide
Ethnic population
9,840
MORE ON SPEAKER NUMBERS
Data for the number of native speakers comes from the 1990 census. "Ethnic population: 9,840 enrolled in the nation (1999 BIA). 4,350 (2000 census)."

3,000 (Golla 2007), decreasing. Ethnic population: 8,500 (Golla 2007) (2013).

DATE OF INFO: 1990

MORE ON VITALITY

The number of speakers is decreasing.

PLACES: USA; Montana

LOCATION DESCRIPTION: Southern Montana.

Threatened

20 percent certain, based on the evidence available
3,500
Native speakers worldwide

Threatened

20 percent certain, based on the evidence available
4,280
Native speakers worldwide

PLACES: USA; Montana

PLACES: USA; Montana

Endangered

80 percent certain, based on the evidence available
3000
Native speakers worldwide
Ethnic population
8500
MORE ON SPEAKER NUMBERS
3,000 (Golla 2007), decreasing. Ethnic population: 8,500 (Golla 2007).

DATE OF INFO: 2007

SPEAKER NUMBER TRENDS

TRANSMISSION

MORE ON VITALITY

Most younger people are semispeakers. Most speakers are 30 and older. A few younger.

OTHER LANGUAGES USED BY THE COMMUNITY

English

LANGUAGE CONTEXT COMMENTS

Increasing efforts toward language preservation.

PLACES: USA: Montana

ADDITIONAL COMMENTS: Southern Montana.

0199255911			2005	The World Atlas of Language Structures			Bernard Comrie and David Gil and Martin Haspelmath and Matthew S. Dryer		Oxford University Press	New York			2005. "The World Atlas of Language Structures." edited by Bernard Comrie et al. Oxford University Press.																	USA; Montana		47.0,-108.0
		16	2009	Ethnologue: Languages of the World, 16th Edition (2009)			M. Paul Lewis		SIL International	Dallas, TX	http://www.ethnologue.com/		Lewis, M. Paul (ed.). 2009. Ethnologue: Languages of the World, 16 edn. http://www.ethnologue.com/home.asp. (15 February, 2011.)	ll_pub		9,840	4,280	1990	1000-9999	Data for the number of native speakers comes from the 1990 census. "Ethnic population: 9,840 enrolled in the nation (1999 BIA). 4,350 (2000 census)." 3,000 (Golla 2007), decreasing. Ethnic population: 8,500 (Golla 2007) (2013).				Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available)		The number of speakers is decreasing.				USA; Montana	Southern Montana.
			2016	Ethnologue: Languages of the World, 19th Edition (2016)			Lewis, M. Paul, Gary F. Simons, and Charles D. Fennig	online	SIL International	Dallas, Texas	http://www.ethnologue.com		Lewis, M. Paul, Gary F. Simons, and Charles D. Fennig (eds.). 2016. Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Nineteenth edition (2016). Dallas, Texas: SIL International. Online version: http://www.ethnologue.com.			8500	3000	2007	1000-9999	3,000 (Golla 2007), decreasing. Ethnic population: 8,500 (Golla 2007).		English	Increasing efforts toward language preservation.	Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available)	13	Most younger people are semispeakers. Most speakers are 30 and older. A few younger.		14	Southern Montana.	USA: Montana
		3rd	2010	Atlas of the World’s Languages in Danger					UNESCO Publishing	Paris	http://www.unesco.org/culture/en/endangeredlanguages/atlas	Christopher Moseley (ed.)	Moseley, Christopher (ed.). 2010. Atlas of the World’s Languages in Danger, 3rd edn. http://www.unesco.org/culture/en/endangeredlanguages/atlas. (03 June, 2011.)	ll_pub			3,500		1000-9999					Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available)								45.5963,-107.4613
			2008	North America	Atlas of the World's Languages	7-41	Chris Moseley and Ron Asher		Routledge	London		Victor Golla and Ives Goddard and Lyle Campbell and Marianne Mithun and Mauricio Mixco	Victor Golla, Ives Goddard, Lyle Campbell, Marianne Mithun and Mauricio Mixco. 2008. "North America." In Atlas of the World's Languages, edited by Chris Moseley and Ron Asher. 7-41. Routledge.		mostly over the age of 30		3000-4000	2008?	1000-9999	3,000-4,000 first language speakers, mostly over the age of thirty. There are a few children, teenagers and young adults who are Crow speakers, and a larger number who are semi-speakers and/or understand the language.	a larger number who are semi-speakers and/or understand the language			Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available)						USA; Montana	Spoken on the Crow Reservation in southeastern Montana and in adjacent off-reservation communities. Principal towns on the reservation are Crow Agency, Lodge Grass, Pryor, Wyola and St. Xavier.
		2nd edition	2010	Endangered Languages of the United States	Atlas of the World’s Languages in Danger of Disappearing	108-130	Christopher Moseley		UNESCO	Paris		Christopher Rogers, Naomi Palosaari and Lyle Campbell	Christopher Rogers, Naomi Palosaari and Lyle Campbell. 2010. "Endangered Languages of the United States." In Atlas of the World’s Languages in Danger of Disappearing, edited by Christopher Moseley. 108-130. UNESCO.																	USA; Montana		45.5963,-107.4613
				World Oral Literature Project							http://www.oralliterature.org		"World Oral Literature Project." Online: http://www.oralliterature.org.				4,280		1000-9999					Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available)
070071197X	3	1	2007	Encyclopedia of the World's Endangered Languages					Routledge	Abingdon		Christopher Moseley	Moseley, Christopher. 2007. Encyclopedia of the World's Endangered Languages, 1 edn. Abingdon: Routledge. ISBN 070071197X	ll_pub		8,500	3,000-4,000		1000-9999		a "large number" of semi-speakers	English	There have been bilingual programs in the reservation schools since the 1960s, and these programs have produced a number of language booklets and a small dictionary. The New Testament in Crow is in the final stages of translation. In recent years increasing efforts have been directed toward language preservation through summer immersion programs and early childhood programs.	Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available)	13	Most speakers are over 30, but there are a few children, teenagers and young adults who are also fluent speakers.	13	14		USA; Montana	Spoken on the Crow Reservation in southeastern Montana and in adjacent Off-reservation communities.

Crow

Language metadata

Language information by source

Threatened

20 percent certain, based on the evidence available

3000-4000

Endangered

100 percent certain, based on the evidence available

3,000-4,000

Threatened

20 percent certain, based on the evidence available

4,280

Threatened

20 percent certain, based on the evidence available

3,500

Threatened

20 percent certain, based on the evidence available

4,280

Endangered

80 percent certain, based on the evidence available

3000

Discussion

Crow

Language metadata

Language information by source

Threatened

20 percent certain, based on the evidence available

3000-4000

Endangered

100 percent certain, based on the evidence available

3,000-4,000

Threatened

20 percent certain, based on the evidence available

4,280

Threatened

20 percent certain, based on the evidence available

3,500

Threatened

20 percent certain, based on the evidence available

4,280

Endangered

80 percent certain, based on the evidence available

3000

Discussion

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Sources of information

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