Burushaski
[aka Mishaski, Brushaski, Burushaki]Classification: Isolate
·threatened
Classification: Isolate
·threatened
Mishaski, Brushaski, Burushaki, Burucaki, Burushki, Burucaski, Biltum, Khajuna, Kunjut |
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Isolate, South Asian |
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ISO 639-3 |
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bsk |
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As csv |
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Information from: “The Burushaski Language Documentation Project” . Sadaf Munshi (2014)
“There are no official records on the total number of Burushaski speakers. Based on personal communication with the native speakers of Burushaski in different regions, [The Burushaski language Documentation Project] estimates the total number of Burushos (speakers of the Burushaski language) in Pakistan to be around 100,000... About 300 speakers of Burushaski live in Srinagar.”
“…dominance of Urdu has resulted in a strong push for a majority of Burushos to shift to Urdu. As a result, many younger generation Burushos only have a receptive proficiency in Burushaski. With greater means of mobility, more and more people have chosen to move to bigger cities for education and employment. As a result, they shift to using Urdu as their primary language. Thus, imperfect knowledge of the language is very common and fluency in Burushaski among the second and third generation is on a rapid decline."
Urdu
"Lack of institutional support and cultural homogenization through education and media have also greatly contributed to a drive towards language shift.”
Information from: “Language policy, multilingualism and language vitality in Pakistan” (73-106) . Tariq Rahman (2006) , Anju Saxena and Lars Borin · Mouton de Gruyter
Hunza, Nagar, Yasin valleys (Northern areas)
Information from: “Burushaski” . Berger, Hermann (1990)
The Nager dialect is perhaps spoken by as many as 80,000, and the Yasin dialect (northwest of Gilgit) is perhaps spoken by about 10,000.
Hunza-Karakorum, North Pakistan
Information from: “Glottolog” .
Information from: “The World Atlas of Language Structures” . Bernard Comrie and David Gil and Martin Haspelmath and Matthew S. Dryer · Oxford University Press
Information from: “South Asia and the Middle East” (283-348) . George van Driem (2007) , Christopher Moseley · London & New York: Routledge
Believed to be dwindling fast.
Heavily admixed with Urdu and English elements in recent times. Bilingualism has led to attrition of morphosyntax in younger speakers.
Some 50,000 Burúsho live in Hunza and Nager and some 30,000 live in Yasin. A considerable Burúsho population has also settled in Gilgit itself.
Sources |
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Isbn | Series | Month | Edition | Num | Year | Title | Booktitle | Pages | Note | Editor | Howpublished | Publisher | Journal | Volume | Address | Institution | Chapter | Translator | School | Url | Author | Free Text Citation | Copied From | Older Adults | Ethnic Population | Young Adults | Private Comment | Speaker Number Text | Date Of Info | Speaker Number | Public Comment | Semi Speakers | Elders | Second Language Speakers | Domains Other Langs | Other Languages Used | Private Comment | Government Support | Speaker Attitude | Public Comment | Institutional Support | Number Speaker Other Languages | Endangerment Level | Transmission | Private Comment | Public Comment | Domains Of Use | Speaker Number Trends | Private Comment | Public Comment | Places | Description | Coordinates |
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SOURCE: “The World Atlas of Language Structures” . , Bernard Comrie and David Gil and Martin Haspelmath and Matthew S. Dryer · Oxford University Press |
SOURCE: “The Burushaski Language Documentation Project” . Sadaf Munshi (2014) |
SOURCE: “Language policy, multilingualism and language vitality in Pakistan” (73-106) . Tariq Rahman (2006) , Anju Saxena and Lars Borin · Mouton de Gruyter |
SOURCE: “South Asia and the Middle East” (283-348) . George van Driem (2007) , Christopher Moseley · London & New York: Routledge |
0199255911 | 2005 | The World Atlas of Language Structures | Bernard Comrie and David Gil and Martin Haspelmath and Matthew S. Dryer | Oxford University Press | New York | 2005. "The World Atlas of Language Structures." edited by Bernard Comrie et al. Oxford University Press. | 36.5,74.5 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
16 | 2009 | Ethnologue: Languages of the World, 16th Edition (2009) | M. Paul Lewis | SIL International | Dallas, TX | http://www.ethnologue.com/ | Lewis, M. Paul (ed.). 2009. Ethnologue: Languages of the World, 16 edn. http://www.ethnologue.com/home.asp. (15 February, 2011.) | ll_pub | 87,000 | 2000 | 10000-99999 | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | India; Pakistan | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1990 | Burushaski | Encyclopaedia Iranica, Online Edition | http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/burushaski-language-spoken-in-hunza-karakorum-north-pakista | Berger, Hermann | Hermann Berger. 1990. "Burushaski." In Encyclopaedia Iranica, Online Edition, Online: http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/burushaski-language-spoken-in-hunza-karakorum-north-pakista. | <90,000 | 10000-99999 | The Nager dialect is perhaps spoken by as many as 80,000, and the Yasin dialect (northwest of Gilgit) is perhaps spoken by about 10,000. | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Pakistan | Hunza-Karakorum, North Pakistan | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2014 | The Burushaski Language Documentation Project | University of North Texas | http://burushaskilanguage.com/ | Sadaf Munshi | 100,300 | 2012 | 100000 | “There are no official records on the total number of Burushaski speakers. Based on personal communication with the native speakers of Burushaski in different regions, [The Burushaski language Documentation Project] estimates the total number of Burushos (speakers of the Burushaski language) in Pakistan to be around 100,000... About 300 speakers of Burushaski live in Srinagar.” | Urdu | "Lack of institutional support and cultural homogenization through education and media have also greatly contributed to a drive towards language shift.” | Threatened (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 12 | “…dominance of Urdu has resulted in a strong push for a majority of Burushos to shift to Urdu. As a result, many younger generation Burushos only have a receptive proficiency in Burushaski. With greater means of mobility, more and more people have chosen to move to bigger cities for education and employment. As a result, they shift to using Urdu as their primary language. Thus, imperfect knowledge of the language is very common and fluency in Burushaski among the second and third generation is on a rapid decline." | 14 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2006 | Language policy, multilingualism and language vitality in Pakistan | Lesser-known languages of South Asia: status and policies, case studies and applications of information technology | 73-106 | Anju Saxena and Lars Borin | Mouton de Gruyter | Berlin | Tariq Rahman | Tariq Rahman. 2006. "Language Policy, Multilingualism and Language Vitality in Pakistan." In Lesser-known languages of South Asia: status and policies, case studies and applications of information technology, edited by Anju Saxena and Lars Borin. 73-106. Mouton de Gruyter. | 55,000-60,000 | 1981 | 10000-99999 | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Pakistan | Hunza, Nagar, Yasin valleys (Northern areas) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2007 | South Asia and the Middle East | Encyclopedia of the World's Endangered Languages | 283-348 | Christopher Moseley | London & New York: Routledge | George van Driem | George van Driem. 2007. "South Asia and the Middle East." In Encyclopedia of the World's Endangered Languages, edited by C. Moseley. 283-348. London & New York: Routledge. | HHOLD | 80,000 | 10000-99999 | Heavily admixed with Urdu and English elements in recent times. Bilingualism has led to attrition of morphosyntax in younger speakers. | Endangered (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Believed to be dwindling fast. | 14 | Pakistan: Hunza-Nager and Yasin valleys | Some 50,000 Burúsho live in Hunza and Nager and some 30,000 live in Yasin. A considerable Burúsho population has also settled in Gilgit itself. | 36.3294753, 74.6605365; 36.3596633, 73.3384471 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
3rd | 2010 | Atlas of the World’s Languages in Danger | UNESCO Publishing | Paris | http://www.unesco.org/culture/en/endangeredlanguages/atlas | Christopher Moseley (ed.) | Moseley, Christopher (ed.). 2010. Atlas of the World’s Languages in Danger, 3rd edn. http://www.unesco.org/culture/en/endangeredlanguages/atlas. (03 June, 2011.) | ll_pub | 87,000 | 10000-99999 | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 36.3294753, 74.6605365 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Glottolog | http://www.glottolog.org/glottolog/ | "Glottolog." Online: http://www.glottolog.org/glottolog/. | 36.218067, 74.822003 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
World Oral Literature Project | http://www.oralliterature.org | "World Oral Literature Project." Online: http://www.oralliterature.org. | 87,049 | 10000-99999 | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) |