Torwali
[aka Torwālī, Turvali, Dardu]Classification: Indo-European
·vulnerable
Classification: Indo-European
·vulnerable
Torwālī, Turvali, Dardu |
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Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Northwestern Zone |
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ISO 639-3 |
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trw |
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As csv |
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Information from: “An Overview of Linguistic Structures in Torwali, A Language of Northern Pakistan” . Wayne A. Lunsford (2001)
The Torwali always use Torwali to communicate with other Torwali speakers in their daily life. A group of male Torwali have established a group called "the Kohistan Cultural Promotion Society (KCPS)" for the Torwali language and culture.
Urdu; Pashto
Urdu is the national language and medium for instruction whereas Pashto is the lingua franca of the province. The frequency of incorporating Urdu terms for produce and numbers is increasing. Arabic words are borrowed for religion. English words such as hotel, taxi, etc. are also borrowed into Torwali.
The Torwali people live in the Swat Valley of the North West Frontier Province in norther Pakistan. The speakers of the Bahrain dialect live along the Swat River, from Madyan northward 20-25 miles to the village of Asret, south of Peshmal while the speakers of the Chail dialect is spoken in two villages about 3-5 miles east east of Madyan (p.2-3).
Information from: “Ethnologue: Languages of the World, 16th Edition (2009)” . M. Paul Lewis · SIL International
Pashto; Urdu
Swat Kohistan, both sides of Swat River, beyond Madyan north to Asrit (between Mankjal and Peshmal); Chail Valley east of Madyan
Information from: “The World Atlas of Language Structures” . Bernard Comrie and David Gil and Martin Haspelmath and Matthew S. Dryer · Oxford University Press
Information from: “Glottolog” .
Information from: “Dardic” (818-894) . Elena Bashir (2003) , George Cardona and Dhanesh Jain · London & New York: Routledge
the Swat valley north of Madyan and in the Chail side valley
Information from: “Dardestān ii. Language” . Edel'man, D.I. (1994)
The eastern subgroup includes Kashmiri in the Kashmir valley; Shina in the districts of Gilgit and Tangir, north of Kashmir; Phalura (or Palola) and the closely related Sawi; and a number of languages and dialects sometimes referred to generally as Kōhestānī (lit., “of the mountains”) in the Indus, Swat, and Panjkora basins: Maiyan (so called by native speakers but Kōhestānī by others) with the Kanywali dialect, Torwali, and Bashkarik (or Diri, known in another dialect variant as Garwi).
part of Nūrestān and adjacent areas along the Kabul river and its tributaries in the mountain region that encompasses northeastern Afghanistan, northern Pakistan, and northwestern India
Information from: “Indo-iranian Frontier Languages” . Bashir, Elena (2006)
Since Urdu became the national language of Pakistan in 1947 and increasingly functions as the country’s lingua franca, it has replaced Persian as a compulsory language in the curriculum. From the 1980s the presence of Persian in the educational system became negligible. Despite this, a significant influx of additional Perso-Arabic words has entered the lexicons of all the languages of Pakistan through Urdu.